# AWG Components¶

## Overview¶

In the AWG Designer, 5 different concepts are needed to design and implement an AWG:

• Slab Template
• Free Propagation Region
• Aperture
• Star Coupler
• Waveguide Array

These components are finally combined into an AWG. If you control each of these, then you control the AWG device. In the next sections, we go into more detail about each component type.

The AWG consists of 3 subcomponents:

• The input Star Coupler
• The Waveguide Array
• The output Star Coupler

Components of the AWG

Each star coupler consists of 3 subcomponents as well:

• The input Apertures
• The Free Propagation Region, characterized by a Slab Template which contains the cross-section information
• The output Apertures

Components of the Star Coupler

## Slab Template¶

The template awg_designer.all.SlabTemplate describes the cross-section and modes of the free propagation region. It is implemented in the awg_designer module.

We can visualize its properties to ensure correctness. The cross-section can be obtained from its layout view:

from technologies import silicon_photonics
from awg_designer.all import SlabTemplate
import numpy as np

# Instantiate Slab
slab = SlabTemplate()

# Visualize cross-section
slab_layout = slab.Layout()
slab_xs = slab_layout.cross_section()
slab_xs.visualize()


The slab waveguide’s modes can be obtained automatically by running a CAMFR simulation on the cross-section. Two inputs are essential:

1. The wavelength range withing which we calculate the modes. Here, we select the band between 1.25 um and 1.35 um.
2. The material models, verified in the previous step.

The resulting mode effective indices can be plotted and checked easily:

# Calculate and visualize modes
wavelengths = np.linspace(1.25, 1.35, 101)
slab_modes = slab.SlabModesFromCamfr(wavelengths=wavelengths)
slab_modes.visualize(wavelengths=wavelengths)


## Apertures¶

Apertures feed the light in and out of the star couplers.

You can find a full tutorial on how to build your own apertures here

## Star Coupler¶

A star coupler is the combination of the in and out apertures with the free propagation region. An AWG consists of two of these star couplers that are connected through the waveguide array. To create a star coupler you can use the awg_designer.all.StarCoupler class.

### Free Propagation Region¶

The light is diffracted through the input apertures and propagates through the slab area The FPR region or contour can be calculated using awg_designer.all.get_star_coupler_extended_contour().

## Waveguide Array¶

The waveguide array consists of waveguides with a length difference, implementing the phased array behavior of the AWG. They connect the out and in apertures of the input and output star-couplers respectively. By changing the length of these waveguides a different phase shift is applied. Two types of waveguide array can be made.

The rectangular waveguide array (awg_designer.all.RectangularWaveguideArray )

and the s-shaped waveguide array (awg_designer.all.SWaveguideArray)